必学5 Unit1 Great scientists
Part 1. Warming up
1. explain 及物动词（vt.）
讲解;说明;说明[][+wh-][+]
He explained that he had been cheated. 他讲解说他是上当被骗了。
Can you explain how the machine operates?你能讲解一下这机器是怎么样运转的吗?
Please explain this rule to me.请给我解说一下这条规则。
不及物动词（vi.）讲解;说明;辩解
I've got to explain about it. 我得讲解一下此事。
2. characteristic
n. 特点；特质 Kindness is one of his characteristics.
adj. 独特的 I heard my friend’s characteristic laugh.
be characteristic of sb./sth. 是.....的特质
Such bluntness is characteristic of hin. 这样迟钝是他的特质。
3. Who put forward a theory about black holes?
put forward 提出（建议等）；提名;提前，把时钟往前拨
He put forward a new plan. 他提出一个新计划。
May I put your name forward as a possible chairman of the committee?我能否提名你当委员会主席？
[总结拓展]
put down 记下；镇压 put out 关掉；熄灭
put aside 放在一边；储存；保留 put off 推迟；延期
put up 建造；举起；张贴 put on 穿上
put away 收好
选词填空
（put off, put up, put forward, put aside, put out）
①The plan that you _____ at the meeting is wonderful.
②Many tall buildings were _____ along the road.
③Firefighters have been called to _____ the fire in the city center.
④He has a little money to _____ for a rainy day.
⑤Don’t _____ until tomorrow what can be done today.
Part 2. Pre-reading, reading and comprehending
1. Do you know how to prove a new idea in scientific research
how to prove a new idea 为“疑问词+不定式”结构，该结构可在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。
We haven’t decided where to go. 大家还没决定去什么地方。
The question is when to leave. 问题是什么时间动身。
2.draw a conclusion 得出结论
1）conclusion作名词，意为―结束，结论‖
come to/reach/arrive at a conclusion 得出结论
in conclusion 后
I will in conclusion say a few words about my visit to Tokyo.后，我对我的东京之行说几句。
2）conclude作动词，―结束；判定；决定‖。to conclude（作插入语）后,作为总结
To conclude, I think smoking does more harm than good to us.
3.John Snow was a famous doctor in London — so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. 约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位的大夫——他的确医术精湛，以至于成了照料维多利亚女王的私人大夫。
expert
① n. 专家，能手 an expert in psychology（心理学） an agricultural expert
② adj. 熟练的，有专门技术的
an expert job需专门常识的工作
He is expert in / at cooking.
attend vt. 解决问题，改变困境
Is there a certain cure for cancer yet? 癌症迄今有无有效的治疗办法?
The prices are going up every day, but there is no cure for rising prices.
6.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.大家既不了解它的病因，也不懂怎么样治疗。每次爆发霍乱时就有成千上万惊恐的人病死。
本句为复合句，―So many thousands of terrified people died‖ 为主句，every time引导时间状语从句，意思是―每当……‖。
有的名词短语或副词可以起连词有哪些用途，引导时间状语从句。比如：every time，each time，the last time，next time，the moment，the minute，immediately，instantly等。 ①Every time/Each time I express an opinion，she argues back.每当我发表建议时，她一直反驳。
②I found myself in an entirely new world the moment/the minute/immediately I arrived here.我一到这里就感到耳目一新。
③The last time I saw him，he was quite well.我后看到他时，他还相当健康。 ④Give your father my best regards next time you see him.下次你见到你爸爸时，请代我向他致以好的问候。
[拓展延伸]
for the first time是介词短语，常用作时间状语，而the first time是连词，引导时间状语从句。
It is the first time that...假如前面用is，从句动词用目前完成时；假如前面用was，则从句动词用过去完成时.
It’stime that...从句动词用过去时或should＋动词原形。
It’s high time we took immediate action to prevent pollution.该到大家立即采取手段阻止污染的时候了。
7.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air, a cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.第一种怎么看是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖，像一股危险气体在空中到处漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害人。
suggest v. 建议；暗示；表明suggest+doing / sth. / that sb.do sth.
May suggested a picnic at the weekend.
He suggested to us a visit to the Great Wall.
He suggested us visiting the Great Wall.
I suggested leaving early for the airport.
He suggested that wevisit the Great Wall.
She suggested that her fathergive up smoking.
*suggest +从句不需要虚拟语气。
The smile on her face suggested that she agreed with me.
The look on his face suggested that he was happy.
8..The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.第二种怎么看是大家是在吃饭时把这种病毒引入体内的。
absorb vt.专注，聚精会神be absorbed in＝put one’s heart into集中精力做某事
I was absorbed in a book and didn’t hear your call. 我正专心看书，没听到你的电话。
Absorbed in his work，Tom simply forgot food and sleep.汤姆专心工作，几乎忘记了吃饭和睡觉。
（2）吸收，把……吸收入（absorb...into...）
Black cloth absorbs light.黑布吸收光线。
The big company has gradually absorbed these small companies into its own organization.这家大公司渐渐将这类小公司吞并了。
The clever boy absorbed all the knowledge his teacher could give him.那个聪明的男生把他老师所能教他的所有常识都理解了。
9.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.约翰·斯诺推断第二种说法是正确的，但需要有证据。
suspect vt. 觉得，怀疑
常用短语：suspect sth to be; suspect sb of doing sth.
They suspect him to be the murderer.
She suspected him of taking her money.
n. 嫌疑犯;可疑分子[C]
10 .....,the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
severe adj. 严厉地；苛刻的；严格的
be severe with/on 对....严格/严厉 You are too severe on the boy.
剧痛的；剧烈的；紧急的 a severe attack of toothache 牙痛的剧烈发作
adv. severely
11.Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. 下面，约翰·斯诺调查了这两条街上的水源。
look into调查，知道，研究；朝里面看
与one’s face/eyes等连用，表示“注视”
He looks into her face with great interest.他饶感兴趣地注视着她的脸。
和look组成的其他短语
look around/about环顾四周 look after照顾；照料
look back回头看 look back on 回顾；回想
look down upon 轻视，瞧不起 look for 寻求；探寻
look forward to盼望 look on旁观
look on/upon...as把看作 look out往外看；注意；当心
look through浏览 look up抬头看；查询
look up to sb. 尊敬/仰慕某人
12. It seemed that the water was to blame.看来要归罪于饮用水了。
blame v. 责备；谴责；把……归咎于 n. 过失；责备;责任
①blame sb. for sth. / doing sth.为某事责备某人 / 责备某人做了某事
They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan.
② blame sth. on sb. / sth. 把某事归咎于某人;因某事而指责某人
The police blamed the traffic accident on jack’s careless driving.
③ be to blame forsth． 因某事某人应该遭到谴责；注意:be to blame应受责备（主动表被动）；应负责任
The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident.④ accept / bear / take the blame for sth. 对某事负责任
He is ready to take the blame for what had happened.
⑤ put / lay the blame for sth. on sb. 将某事归咎于某人
13.In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.在伦敦的另一区域，他从另外两例与布洛德街疾病爆发有关的死亡病例中得到了有力的证据。
link vt. 连接；联系n. 环；连接；联系；纽带
14.A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.一个妇女，从布洛德街搬走了，但她很喜欢水泵的水，她叫人天天从水泵给她家送水。
15. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.借助这个额外证据，约翰·斯诺就能非常有把握地宣布污染水携带病菌。
announce vt.
宣布，宣告
announce sth.宣布、通告某事
announce that...宣布……；公告…… It is announced that...据宣布…
Please announce to your class that there will be no school tomorrow.请公告你们班明天不上学。
It has been officially announced that he will pay a second visit to China soon.据官方消息称，他不久将第三来中国访问。
显示……；预告
The bright flowers announced that spring was here.鲜艳的花朵显示春季已经来到。
[拓展延伸] announcement n．宣布；口头公告 announcer n.播音员
make an announcement下公告
16.To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. 为预防这样的情况再度发生，约翰·斯诺建议，所有水源都要经过测试。
prevent/sTOP... doing sth. 或keep...from doing sth.意为―阻止……做某事‖
①What can we do to prevent the disease spreading.大家能干什么来预防这种疾病蔓延呢？②We should take measures to prevent the river from being polluted further.大家应该采取手段阻止这条河遭到进一步的污染。
examine v. 检查；细查；诊察; 审问；盘查
The doctor examined the boy and found there was nothing the matter with him.
The lawyer examined the witness.
examination n. 考试； 检查；细查
take an examination 参加考试medical examination 体检
under examination 在检查中；在审察中
17. Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.―霍乱王‖终于被击败了。
[辨析]win, beat与defeat
win ―取得‖赛事、战事、某物；beat ―战胜‖―击败‖比赛中的对手，可与defeat互换 We beat / defeated their team by 10 scores.
They won the battle but lost many men.
The local ball team won the state championship by beating / defeating all the other teams.
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Part 3. Learning about Language
1. take in 收容；包含
take有关短语：
take after 相似
take apart把拆开;拆散
take away 拿走
take back承认说错了,收回；使回忆起；送回,还回去;退
take off 脱下,脱去; 解掉 --put on ；升空,起飞 take on雇用；开始具备/ 呈现; 露出；同意;承担 take out带去；正式获得,领得,获得；洗去,使褪色 take over 接手,接任;接管
take up开始花时间从事;对产生兴趣; 开始学习,选修；占用了；同意的建议；继续
take …for granted 想当然觉得,觉得……是理所当然的;觉得没问题 take …for instance / example 以……为例
take …into account / consideration 考虑到,把……考虑进来
take pride in / be proud of 为……感到自豪/ 骄傲
take revenge on 向….报复
take one's place 代替某人
take the opportunity 借助这个机会
take turns 轮流
2. construction n.建设；建筑业；建造
He works in construction industry. 他在建筑行业工作。
There are two new hotels under construction. 有两家新餐馆正在兴建。
词组扩展：construction workers 建筑工人
under construction 正在建设中
3.apart from有两种含义：
1）等于besides.意为“除以外（还包含）”
Apart from my mother tongue, I speak several foreign languages as well.
除去母语外，我还会讲好几种外语。
2）等于except.意为“除以外（不包含）”
I like all the subjects apart from English.除去英语外，我喜欢所有学科。
过去分词作定语
1)语法功能
过去分词或过去分词短语作定语时，其功能等于一个定语从句。被修饰的词是分词所表示的行为的承受者；在逻辑上，它们是动宾关系。
The lecture given by Professor Zhang is about environment protection. a.单个的过去分词作定语时，坐落于它所修饰的名词或代词前面
the affected people受感染的人 a broken heart一颗破碎的心
a lost dog丧家之犬 a broken glass被打破的玻璃杯
Attention：过去分词修饰 something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody，those 等
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不定代词时，要放在这类词后面。
Is there anything unsolved?
There is noting changed here since I left this town.
b. 过去分词短语作定语：一般后置，其用途等于定语从句。
people exposed to cholera= people who was exposed to cholera
the book recommended by Jack= the book which was recommended by Jack
the machines produced last year= the machines which were produced last year
c. 不及物动词的过去分词作定语时不表被动，只表完成。
a risen sun已升起的太阳 the gone days 逝去的时光
fallen leaves 落叶
2）目前分词与过去分词作定语有什么区别：
目前分词作定语，表示正在进行的动作；过去分词作定语，所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，。
The letter posted yesterday will soon reach him.
Have you read the book recommended by your teacher?这是你老师推荐的书吗？
对比：
the changing world（正在变化的）the changed world（变化了的）
boiling water（正在沸腾的）boiled water（已经沸腾过的）
fading flowers faded flowers（已经凋谢的）
a developing country a developed country（发达的）
a drowning man快要淹死的人 a drowned man已经淹死的人
falling leaves正在飘落的树叶 fallen leaves落叶
a retired worker退休工人 an escaped prisoner逃犯
3）及物动词的过去分词与目前分词的被动式
都可以表示―被动‖，但前者多表示一个完成了的动作，而后者则表示一个正在进行的动作.
the problem discussed yesterday
the problem being discussed
过去分词做表语
1 过去分词（短语）作表语时，其用途等于adj.,说明的是主语的状况
All the windows are broken.
All hope is gone.
He looked worried after reading the letter.
容易见到作表语的过去分词有： disappointed, drunk, amused, frightened, married, excited, experienced, interested, confused, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, tired, worried,gone, dressed, lost等。
注意
过去分词作表语时和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意思明显不同，前者说明主语的特征及所处的状况，而后者强调被动的动作。
My glasses are broken.我的眼镜碎了。 enthusiastic 热心的，满腔热情地 v. enthuse 热心 n. enthusiasm 狂热，热心，积极性 enthusiast 热心者，热情的人 adv. enthusiastically 热心地，狂热地
2) be enthusiastic about/over...对。。。热情
She’s very enthusiastic about singing. 她对唱歌非常有热情。
be cautious about/of sb.对。。。谨慎
5. complete adj.结束的；完成的；完整的 v.使完美；使完整；完成
I need one moer stamp to complete my collection.我所采集的邮票还差一张才成整套。 When will work be completed on the new road?新道路的工程何时完成？
6. reject v.拒绝；不同意；遗弃
He rejected their invitation point-blank.他直截了当地拒绝了他们的邀请。
Choose the good apples and reject the bad ones.挑好的苹果，把坏的扔掉。
7. base sth. on 把...基于
The story is based on facts.这个故事是有事实依据的。
We should base our theory on facts. 大家的理论应以事实为依据。
basis. 基础；基本 basically adv.基本上 basic adj. 基本的